International Business & TradeGlobalization - and International Compet

Question: Portray about the International Business Trade of Globalization, and International Competitiveness. Answer: Worldwide business exchange comprises of the exchanges including private and government between the various nations. Privately owned businesses enter the worldwide business so as to extend their business to build the net revenue of the organization. The purpose behind the administration to do worldwide business is to acquire benefit yet for the most part for the political reasons and to keep up relationship with the outside nations. Worldwide business incorporates all the business exercises, which are done outside the nation. The exchanges may remember exchanging for the type of wares, administrations and assets between at least two nations. The exchanging of assets contains capital, occupants and abilities that are required for worldwide creation of wares and administrations (McDonald, n.d.). Globalization has developed as a conclusive factor as of late. Globalization alludes to the technique for cooperation and fuse of individuals and organizations of various nations. Globalization is persuaded by worldwide and remote speculations (Peng, 2014). For what reason do a few businesses become worldwide while others stay neighborhood or territorial? There might be different purposes behind certain businesses to go worldwide and go into the global markets. The organizations working inside the ventures may enter the worldwide market so as to expand the business, benefits and to upgrade development (Biggs, 2013). The key target of the enterprises to go worldwide is to expand their development. The way toward extending the market all together addition worldwide customers is known as the monetary globalization (Unitarian Universalist Association, 2016). One reason for businesses to become worldwide is to expand the size of the deals. The organizations inside an industry that have just done a decent business in the local market for the most part need to extend their tasks to enlarge the deals and to gain benefit. The section into the remote markets can possibly increase new and steadfast clients, which will help the organizations in any industry to settle in the universal markets. With the passage into the global market the organizations inside any enterprises can likewise utilize the new advances, which can encourage to build the creation (Dahlman, 2007). A few enterprises stay local as they for the most part are battling in the local market or the ventures might be doing great in the neighborhood showcase and doesn't have to grow their business at a worldwide stage. The other purpose behind certain ventures not to go worldwide is that the size of the organizations inside that industry might be little and they may have lacking asset s to go into the outside business sectors. Another explanation can be the budgetary states of the organizations as the costs for statistical surveying might be excessively costly (Peng, 2014). What is the effect of the web on global business? In todays world, the web noteworthily affects the business. The web has rebuilt the universal market for the dealers with respect to both interest and flexibly. With the utilization of the web, the advertisers can access through a solitary correspondence channel everywhere throughout the world. With the utilization of the web, the organizations are thinking that its simpler to engage in the remote markets and publicize the items at a worldwide scale. The organizations with the utilization of the web can support the business, in this way can bring down the expenses. Little scope ventures are likewise going into the global business with the utilization of the web. The development of electronic trade has furnished little organizations with the chance to grow and contend in the global markets. Because of the mechanical progression, an organization doesn't need to utilize any conventional technique to section into outside business sectors. One reason behind the quick development of the wo rldwide exchange is the progression of the web (Griffin Pustay, 2007). The web has transformed into a significant piece of a business. The nearness of the clients online is more than the conventional physical stores. Organizations utilize the web as it is less expensive when contrasted with publicizing done through print media (Meltzer, 2014). Which organizations and which nations will pick up as the web utilization increments all through the world? Which will lose? The web has had an extensive effect on the development of little organizations of the creating nations as the organizations are rivaling the enormous organizations in the worldwide markets. The web has made it workable for the independent companies to contend at a worldwide stage. Private companies can just make due in the worldwide by pulling in the clients. The created nations may have less advantages or may miss out partially when contrasted with the private ventures. This is on the grounds that, with the utilization of the web so as to use the advantages got from minimal effort, various organizations are looking towards creating countries to acquire their requirements by re-appropriating (Jagongo Kinyua, 2013). Does your school or college have any worldwide projects? Does this make the organization a universal business? Why or why not? The school is having programs identified with the universal business and showcasing, which makes it as an establishment for learning global business exercises. The school offers the understudies to create business aptitudes. The school with the assistance of business programs permits the understudies to create authority abilities in the business exercises. The school additionally offers an open door for the understudies intrigued to be in the field of promoting to learn new points of view. Worldwide projects will assist the understudies with building authoritative initiative, individuals the executives, bookkeeping, fund, advertising, data innovation and key administration. The projects set up the understudies to work anyplace on the planet by giving the understudies a thought regarding the worldwide business rules and practices. With the assistance of universal projects, the school presents the understudies with the idea of worldwide advertising and the worldwide variables impacting the dealers just as shows the strategies to go into the global markets. What are a portion of the distinctions in ability that may exist between administrators in a local firm and those in a worldwide firm? Based on Conference Board research report 2008, the level of the supervisors that consented to the distinction in the authority among local and worldwide firms was 73%. The difficulties looked by the global directors are of dealing with a different gathering of laborers and business exercises. The supervisor of the inward firms changes with new societies and business stressors (SHRM, 2016). The directors of the universal firm need to work with laborers from different nations though the chief of the local organization needs to convey just to the nearby individuals. If there should be an occurrence of the global organization, the chief needs to interface with the outside customers when contrasted with the residential administrator who just needs to care for the local customers. The job of the worldwide director is to propel and coordinate all the workers from various nations though the household chief basically needs to just deal with the representatives of the nation of origin. Chief of the worldwide firm needs to oversee abroad providers and vendors. If there should arise an occurrence of the residential market, the chief takes care of the considerable number of provisions from the neighborhood providers (Rothstein Burke, 2010). Along these lines, the variety is aptitudes lies in dealing with a more extensive degree of workers and customers for a global companys chief. They accordingly require improved correspondence, individuals the board, exchange, alongside the aptitude to comprehend various traditions. Okay need to work for an outside claimed firm? Why or why not? Truly, I accomplish need to work for an outside claimed organization. Working in a global organization will assist me with learning alternate points of view. It will assist me with meeting individuals with specialized and administrative abilities, which will additionally empower me to develop and gain from the directors alongside individual associates from various nations. Working with worldwide chiefs and representatives will assist me with understanding the exercises that are associated with the universal business. Working in the organization would likewise make me to learn various societies and customs. The other motivation behind why I need to work in a remote claimed organization is the universal organizations are continually searching for development. The universal organizations are commonly likewise mechanically progressed contrasted with the residential firms. In a universal organization, I would get the chance to interface with the remote customers. The learning of the busin ess exercises with the specialists will improve my abilities, along these lines enlarging my business critical thinking aptitudes by a significant degree. References Biggs, R. P. (2013). 10 motivations to go global. Recovered July 28, 2016, from https://choosewashingtonstate.com/wp-content/transfers/2013/06/10_Reasons_to_go_International.pdf Dahlman, C. (2007). Innovation, globalization, and universal intensity: Challenges for creating countries.ASDF, 29. Griffin, R. W. Pustay, M. W. (2007). A diagram of global market. Global Business: A Managerial Perspective, 1-23. Jagongo, A. Kinyuna, C. (2013). The internet based life and business enterprise development. Global Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(10), 213-227. McDonald, B. (n.d.). Global exchange: Commerce among countries. Recovered July 28, 2016, from https://www.imf.org/outer/bars/ft/fandd/nuts and bolts/trade.htm Meltzer, J. (2014). Supporting the web as a stage for worldwide exchange. Recovered July 28, 2016, from https://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2014/02/web universal exchange meltzer Peng, M. W. (2014). Worldwide business. USA: South-Western Cengage Learning. Rothstein, M. G. Burke, R.

The Character of Slim in Of Mice and Men and the American Dream free essay sample

?Steinbeck presents Slim to be an unwavering deferential man, he does as such by utilizing various proficient procedures like: similitudes, likenesses and semantic fields. Thin has a solid, insightful character so the peruser in a flash warms to him. All through the novel Steinbeck demonstrates to the peruser that Slim is a character that others can trust in, he is the most astute character on the farm, and despite the fact that he is only a vagrant laborer; he has earned the full regard of numerous individuals. In Slim Steinbeck makes a character that requests regard and authority from the whole farm, we see this in Slim’s opening section: â€Å"Royalty† â€Å"majesty† and â€Å"prince† Throughout Slim’s opening entry Steinbeck has made a semantic field of intensity and eminence, the peruser recollects this all through the novel, This makes a sentiment of stunningness in light of the fact that individuals of sovereignty are for the most part off set from others, as are extremely hard to impart to. We will compose a custom article test on The Character of Slim in Of Mice and Men and the American Dream or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Thin is treated with more prominent regard on the farm than some other transient specialist, this is on the grounds that Slim has needed to procure the regard by being ‘the jolt line skinner’ the word ‘the’ recommends that he is the main, he is free, this can be deciphered as Slim has just picked up his American dream. Despite the fact that Slim is dressed like â€Å"The others†, Steinbeck makes him stand apart to the peruser through the depictions of his job and aptitudes. Nonetheless, this is unusual in light of the fact that Slim is only a transient, and in the 1920’s-1930’s vagrant specialists were viewed as the base of society. This could be Steinbeck attempting to challenge the 1930’s social limits. â€Å"Royalty† proposes exactly how frantic Steinbeck is for the peruser to show regard and deference for Slim on the grounds that eminence is a word utilized for individuals who are in a place of intensity, and those individuals whom are in places of intensity are normally regarded and respected. Steinbeck raises Slim from the other transient laborers, for Steinbeck to set Slim in a place of such nobility would of been an outsider idea to the 1930’s social society. In a manner Steinbeck is relating himself to Slim; They have both had to their regard by means of buckling down in their picked fields, and once picking up that regard they appear to be an outsider in the upper social classes, since they have both stirred their own particular manners up from the base. In part 2 we see an alternate side of Slim â€Å"I suffocated four of ‘em† Even in spite of the fact that Slim is introduced as an educated, agreeable and ground-breaking character, he despite everything shows no regret when executing four young doggies. Steinbeck is attempting to show an immediate connection between the American dream and quality; Steinbeck is attempting to show that the 1930’s society had no need of feeble men, just the most grounded could endure and win their ‘American dream’ Because Slim is right off the bat introduced to be an honorable conscious man, it is simple for the peruser to feel for Slim. Thin supposedly is Steinbeck’s ‘mouth piece’ in light of the fact that Steinbeck from multiple points of view relates himself to thin in the manner thin is so admired,so whatever Slim’s convictions are we can realize that Steinbeck has similar convictions. This implies Steinbeck has confidence in men who gain their own notorieties like Slim, this might be on the grounds that Steinbeck himself needed to win regard as a writer since his first book ‘Cup Of Gold’ didn't finically finance its self. He needed to procure his regard from others to win his own ‘american dream’, so Steinbeck realizes that on the off chance that you attempt, at that point you can win your own regard. Thin is the ethical focus in the novel, his choices are comprehended and complied with all â€Å"His authority† â€Å"word was taken on any subject† this is exceptionally weird for a transient specialist, it is another instance of Steinbeck attempting to assess Slim over the other farm laborers, Steinbeck might be attempting to separate Slim. â€Å"love or politics† These words are not generally connected with farm laborers since they can't have to significant impact on governmental issues since farm laborers are cliché uneducated, and the main â€Å"love† the farm laborers find is down at the neighborhood house of ill-repute on a Saturday. Steinbeck might be attempting to make a social remain inside society attempting to demonstrate than farm laborers aren’t just blockheads however are taught men whom regularly examine squeezing matters. This is an odd vision to comprehend in the 1930’s in light of the fact that the cliché perspectives on farm laborers were regularly of ineffectively taught people who had nothing preferred in life over to go without anyone else and find moderate work. Nonetheless, this might be repudiating the American dream, or even its reality on the grounds that numerous people groups american dreams comprised of freedom so if farm laborers are autonomous have they not discovered their own fantasy? Or on the other hand have they arrived at their maximum capacity? Or on the other hand is the American dream diverse to each person? Thin is frequently contrasted with a cowhand saint in western movies, the 1920’s-1930’s were the ‘golden’ times of Hollywood and as such individuals accepted that others with a specific build fitted the measures of being a cattle rustler legend, thin fits these generalizations splendidly. This shows Steinbeck might be attempting to cause the peruser to appreciate and regard thin in light of the fact that he is the legend.

Second Chance Bank Accounts Could They Be For You

Second Chance Bank Accounts Could They Be For You Second Chance Bank Accounts: Could They Be For You? Second Chance Bank Accounts: Could They Be For You?If your Chexsystems report makes opening a traditional bank account impossible, then a second chance bank account could, well, give you a second chance!Access to traditional banking makes a huge difference when it comes to your financial health. But you can also lose access to it relatively easily. If you have made some mistakes with a previous bank accountâ€"the same kinds of financial misbehavior that leads to a low credit scoreâ€"you might have a lot of difficulty opening a new one.That’s because many banks will run a credit check or look you up in ChexSystems. Among other functions, ChexSystems monitors the bank activity of American consumers. If you’ve previously had overdrafts or negative balances, that will show up when the bank runs your information through ChexSystems.However, even if you aren’t able to get a traditional bank account, you may still be able to get a second chance bank account. What is a second chance ba nk account? We’ll answer that, as well as some other questions in this very article! Read on and find out! Why a bank account is important.In case you aren’t yet convinced that you need a bank account in the first place, we’re here to convince you that you should probably have one.One major benefit of a bank account is the obvious one: Its a great place to keep your money. Not only will you have more room under your mattress, but traditional banks are FDIC insured which means your money will be protected. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is a government insurance company that takes fees from banks so that, even if those banks screw up or get in some sort of trouble, you’ll still be able to access the money you deposited.Another common benefit is the ability to pay via debit card or withdraw cash from ATMs. If you can choose a bank that has enough ATMs near your personal stomping grounds, you shouldn’t even have to pay a fee to make withdrawals.It’s also m uch more expensive to try to get through life without a bank account. Aside from ATM fees, wiring money or cashing checks through your bank account is free, while check cashing establishments will charge you to access your own money. Those fees can be up to 12 percent of the check, which can easily mean losing hundreds of dollars from your paycheck every month.And if that’s not enough, banks can provide you to access to credit which can be vital to getting a home, a car, or a loan for nearly any other purpose. So if you’re barred from opening up a traditional bank account, it’s a good idea to explore your other options.Second chance for romanceâ€"ummâ€"banking.If you were caught by ChexSystems, you might still have the chance to open a second chance bank account. It’ll have some significant disadvantages compared to regular bank accounts, but it’s probably better than no bank account at all.“Simply stated, second chance bank accounts are checking accounts for people who had minor problems with previous checking accountsâ€"for instance, small overdrafts or a history of bounced checks,” explained RJ Mansfield (@DebtAssassin1), consumer’s rights advocate and author of  Debt Assassin: A Black Ops Guide to Cleaning Up Your Credit. “Checking accounts with a negative history will be reported to a data repository like Chexsystems.“These second chance accounts have higher monthly fees, higher bounced check charges, usually require a direct deposit, and cant be opened online. Because of the consumers past history with checking, these accounts are closely monitored and closed quickly if they are mishandled.”You’ll have to look at the specific second chance bank account being offered and see if it’s a good choice for your situation. If you do decide to get a second chance bank account and maintain it diligently, you may get the chance to graduate to a regular bank account after a year or two of good banking behavior. Its one of the best features that second chance bank accounts can offer!There are other possibilities.If you decide a second chance bank account isn’t for you, there are still some possibilities. You can look at your rights under ChexSystems and see if it’s worth contacting them. If they’ve made a mistake, you should make them aware of it so they can remove it.You could also try and get around ChexSystems entirely.“If you have had a previous problem with a checking account, you can avoid being required to open a second chance account by simply Googling, ‘Non-Chexsystems banks’ and opening an account with one of those institutions,” advised Mansfield.The penalties you face for not having a bank account are yet another example of how the system is often weighted against those who are already struggling. But there are still ways to overcome these hardships. It won’t necessarily be easy or fair, but it is possible.If you can take advantage of the options available to you, work out a plan, and stick to it, you can build yourself a better financial future.The worse shape youre in financially the more likely you are to fall prey to predatory no credit check loans and short-term  bad credit loans  like payday loans and cash advances. Thats not great! To learn more about how you can improve your long-term financial outlook, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Want to Avoid No Credit Check Loans? Build an Emergency FundA Beginner’s Guide to BudgetingWant to Raise Your Credit Score by 50 Points? Here Are Some Tips8 Ways To Save Money Today, Tomorrow and Every Day AfterWhat other questions do you have bank accounts?  Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsRJ Mansfield  (@DebtAssassin1) is a consumer’s rights advocate and author of  Debt Assassin: A Black Ops Guide to Cleaning Up Your Credit.

Elderly Adults Elderly Adult Assessment - 1070 Words

Elderly Adult Assessment According to Ruoff, (2002); Brown, Kirkpatrick, Swanson McKenzie, (2011), â€Å"Between 80% and 85% of the elderly living in nursing homes suffer from chronic pain disorders† ( As cited in Lombard, et al., 2015, p.1140). OM is a part of this percentage of elderly that has been living in pain for over ten years. In the first section of this paper, this author will be questioning OM about his perception of pain, and in the second part of this paper, personal reflections about the answers received will be given. This author will also do a detailed assessment of OM living condition and educate him on how to prevent fall by keeping his environment safe. Descriptive Information of Adult and Home OM, 65 years old African†¦show more content†¦OM explained that bending over and lifting heavy objects tend to cause him problems from time to time but it can do nearly all of his activities of daily living without any problems. Recently during a doctor visit, OM mentioned his constant pain to his doctor and the fact that despite taking his pain medications that have been prescribed to him a long time ago, the pain does not give him any relief. He believed that the pain is getting worse and felt like the medications don’t give him a break that he usually gets. Since he has been seeing the same doctor for a while and has been completing of the same problem, the physician decided to refer him to a pain specialist to provide more help. OM report to me that he has been living with this pain for so long that sometimes he self-medicated with â€Å"a beer or two† and sometimes, doing something else like reading, listening to music, doing housework help keep his mind away from the pain. Even though OM believed that his physicians and nurses are trying their best to help him and genuinely care about him, he still feels that sometimes they do not understand how he is feeling. It is frustrating to him to be looking for so long for an answer, and nobody can help. â€Å"After a while, the doctors stop believing you†: he said. OM explained that the doctors think that he is medication seeking and fail to ask questions or pay close attention to his request. He also told me that it is hard for the physicians to beShow MoreRelatedPreventions of falls866 Words   |  4 PagesFalls Kortney Franco Kaplan University NU 416- Nursing Care of the Older Adult 07/30/2014 Assignment 5- Prevention of falls When dealing with the elderly population it’s important to make sure they are cared for properly. Usually by this age it is hard for the elderly adult to care for themselves and need extra help around the house or need help with activities of daily living. 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Essay about Caprica Energy and Its Choice - 1033 Words

Brief company background: Caprica is a 40-year -old company rooted in Charleston, West Virginia area. First 30 years, it only operated in Kentucky and Ohio. Starting from 1997, Caprica carried on an expansion strategy to Michigan, and in 2005 it applied the hydraulic fracturing technology on shale gas exploiting. Up till now, Caprica already have five years experience on using hydraulic fracturing technology. Current Strategy: Caprica’s strategy is to grow its reserves, production, net income and cash flow. It is focus on acquiring properties that have development potential. Meanwhile, Maintaining operational integrity is also a vision Caprica try to pursue, so Barrow need to consider the environmental controversy when making her†¦show more content†¦Please see the following chart for the risk assessment. 1. Chemicals contaminate if fluid leaks from drilling pipes. Arguments * Malfunctions may cause fluid leaks all the way down to the shale. * EPA promoted fracking technology with political bias. * The chemicals in fluid can cause many diseases and there is potential connection between existing water contamination and hydraulic fracturing. * Exploitation needs to invest heavily on fixed asset and site setting up. If EPA study proved the high probability of water commination by using fracking in next year, Caprica will face significant operation and legal risks. Debates * Most of unconventional gas, such as shale and tight sand, is too deep in the ground to have the fluid reach aquifer. * Even fluid get into aquifer, it is not as toxic as other wastewater discarded from other daily activities. EPA claimed the fracking process is safe. * There is no study evidence shows the causation and possibility of fracking contamination. 2. Huge water usage Argument: * Fracking will use up 4 to 5 million gallons water per well. Monthly usage would be 320 to 400 million gallons (assume 80 new wells per month). * Tainted water cannot be reintroduced without expensive treatments. Debates: * The water usage per month for fracking just equals to the

The Tramp Free Essays

string(36) " stories have been well documented\." NO PLACE FOR A WOMAN The Australian author Barbara Baynton had her first short story published under the title â€Å"The Tramp† in 1896 in the Christmas edition of the Bulletin. Founded in Sydney in 1880, the Bulletin was instrumental in developing the idea of Australian nationalism. It was originally a popular commercial weekly rather than a literary magazine but in the 1890s, with the literary critic A. We will write a custom essay sample on The Tramp or any similar topic only for you Order Now G. Stephens as its editor, it was to become â€Å"something like a national literary club for a new generation of writers† (Carter 263). Stephens published work by many young Australian writers, including the short story writer Henry Lawson and the poet â€Å"Banjo† Paterson and in 1901 he celebrated Miles Franklin’s My Brilliant Career as the first Australian novel. 2 †¦ Stephens deemed her â€Å"too outspoken for an Australian audience† (Schaffer 154). She was unable to find a publisher in Sydney willing to print her stories as a collection and it was not until 1902 that six of her stories were published in London by Duckworth’s Greenback Library under the title Bush Studies. It was, on the whole, reviewed favorably. She subsequently published a novel, Human Toll, in 1907 and an expanded collection of stories in 1917. Yet, although individual stories were regularly included in anthologies of Australian literature, by the time of her death in 1929 she was better known as an antique collector and her collected stories were not reprinted until 1980. 3 Until the advent of feminist criticism in the 1980s, Baynton remained a largely forgotten figure, dismissed as a typical female writer who did not know how to control her emotions and who was unable to put her â€Å"natural talent† to good use. As late as 1983 Lucy Frost could talk of â€Å"her unusually low level of critical awareness† (65) and claim that she â€Å"relies †¦ on instinct †¦ In order to write well she needs to write honestly out of intuitive understanding. †¦ As art it makes for failure† (65). For a long time reading the implicit in Baynton’s stories consisted in identifying the autobiographical elements and attempting to piece together her true life. She notoriously claimed, even to her own children, to be the daughter not of an Irish carpenter but of a Bengal Lancer and in later life tried to conceal he hardship of her childhood and early married life. The stories were read as â€Å"true† accounts of what it was like for a poor woman to live in the bush at the end of the nineteenth century. This paper argues that far from being a natural writer whose â€Å"talent does not extend to symbolism† (Frost 64), Baynton is a sophisticated writer who uses obliquenes s simply because this was the only form of criticism open to a woman writer in Australia at this time. The apparent inability of readers to engage with the implicit in her stories stems from an unwillingness to accept her vision of life in the bush. In order to understand Baynton’s technique and why earlier readers consistently failed to interpret it correctly, it is important to replace her stories in the context of the literary world in which she was working for, as Brown and Yule state, when it comes to reading the implicit: â€Å"Discourse is interpreted in the light of past experience of similar discourse by analogy with previous similar texts† (65). In 1901, the year of federation and the height of Australian nationalistic fervor, A. G. Stephens wrote: What country can offer to writers better material than Australia? We are not yet snug in cities and hamlets, molded by routine, regimented to a pattern. Every man who roams the Australian wilderness is a potential knight of Romance; every man who grapples with the Australian desert for a livelihood might sing a Homeric chant of history, or listen, baffled and beaten, to an Aeschylean dirge of defeat. The marvels of the adventurous are our daily common-places. The drama of the conflict between Man and Destiny is played here in a scenic setting whose novelty is full of vital suggestion for the literary artist. (Ackland, 77) 5 Women are conspicuously absent in this description of Australian life as they are in the work of Henry Lawson whose stories have come to be seen as the ‘perfect’ example of nationalistic writing. In the titles of his stories women, if they exist at all, are seen as appendages of men: â€Å"The Drover’s Wife,† â€Å"The Selector’s Daughter. They are defined at best by their physical characteristics: â€Å"That Pretty Girl in the Army,† but more often than not are specifically excluded: â€Å"No Place for a Woman† or reduced to silence: â€Å"She Wouldn’t Speak. † In the texts themselves the narrators are either anonymous or male and male mate-ship is valued above marriage. In Lawson’s most well-known stories the bush is a destructive force against whi ch man must wage a constant battle. The landscape, perhaps predictably, is depicted in feminine terms either as a cruel mother who threatens to destroy her son or as a dangerous virgin who leads man into deadly temptation. Men survive by rallying together and are always ready to help a â€Å"mate† in distress. Women are left at home and are shown to be contented with their role as homemaker: â€Å"All days are much the same to her †¦ But this bush-woman is used to the loneliness of it †¦ She is glad when her husband returns, but she does not gush or make a fuss about it. She gets him something good to eat, and tidies up the children† (Lawson 6). Baynton’s stories challenge this vision of life in the bush in a number of ways: the majority of her protagonists are female; the real danger comes not from the bush but from the men who inhabit it. From the very beginning, Baynton’s stories were subject to a form of male censorship since Stephens heavily edited them in an attempt to render the implicit conventional and thereby make the stories conform to his vision of Australian life. Few manuscripts have survived but the changes made to two stories have been well document ed. You read "The Tramp" in category "Papers" In 1984 Elizabeth Webby published an article comparing the published version of â€Å"Squeaker’s Mate† with a typescript/manuscript held in the Mitchell Library. She noted that in the published version the structure has been tightened and some ambiguity removed by replacing many of the pronouns by nouns. More importantly, the ending has been changed and, since endings play such a crucial role in the understanding of a short story, this has important repercussions on the whole text: The new, more conventionally moralistic ending demanded a more actively brutal Squeaker and a more passive, suffering Mary. So traditional male/female characteristics were superimposed on Baynton’s original characters, characters designed to question such sexual stereotypes. As well, the main emphasis was shifted from its ostensible object Squeaker’s mate, to her attacker and defender; instead of a study of a reversal of sex, we have a tale of true or false mateship. (459) 7 Despite these changes the text’s conformity to the traditional Australian story of mate-ship which the Bulletin readers had come to expect remains superficial. The title itself is an ironic parody of Lawson’s story titles. The woman is defined by her relationship to the man but the roles are reversed. The man has become the effeminate â€Å"Squeaker,† the woman the masculine â€Å"mate. As in Lawson’s stories the male character’s words are reported in passages of direct speech and the reader has access to his thoughts while the woman’s words are reported only indirectly: â€Å"†¦ waiting for her to be up and about again. That would be soon, she told her complaining mate† (16). However, and this is an important difference w ith Lawson’s stories, in Baynton’s work the text deliberately draws attention to what is not said. For example when Squeaker leaves her without food and drink for two days: â€Å"Of them [the sheep] and the dog only she spoke when he returned† (16), or again: â€Å"No word of complaint passed her lips† (18). By the end of the story the woman has stopped speaking altogether and the reader is deliberately denied all access to her thoughts and feelings: â€Å"What the sick woman thought was not definite for she kept silent always† (20). The main character is thus marginalised both in the title and in the story itself. The story is constructed around her absence and it is precisely what is not said which draws attention to the hardships of the woman’s life. 8 A similar technique is used in â€Å"Billy Skywonkie. The protagonist, who remains unnamed throughout the story, is not even mentioned until the fourth paragraph where she is described as â€Å"the listening woman passenger† (46). She is thus from the start designated as external to the action. Although there is a lot of dialogue in direct speech in the story, the protagonist’s own words are always reported indirectly. The reader is never allowed direct access to her thoughts but must infer what is going on in her mind from expressions like â€Å"in nervous fear† (47) or â€Å"with the fascination of horror† (53). Despite the awfulness of the male characters, the decentering of the protagonist makes it possible for readers unwilling to accept Baynton’s views on life in the bush to accept the explicitly stated opinions of the male characters and to dismiss the woman as an unwelcome outsider. 9 The most significant changes to the original stories, and those about which Baynton apparently felt most strongly since she removed them from the text of Bush Studies, concern the story now known as â€Å"The Chosen Vessel. † This story, as many critics have remarked, is a version of â€Å"The Drover’s Wife† in which the â€Å"gallows-faced swagman† (Lawson 6) does not leave. Lawson’s text states repeatedly that the wife is â€Å"used to† the loneliness of her life, suggesting even that it is easier for her than for him: â€Å"They are used to being apart, or at least she is† (4). Baynton’s character, on the other hand, dislikes being alone and the story shows the extreme vulnerability of women, not at the hands of Nature, but at the hands of men. 10 Baynton originally submitted the story under the title â€Å"When the Curlew Cried† but Stephens changed this to â€Å"The Tramp. † Once again his editorial changes deflect the reader’s attention away from the female character. By implicitly making the man rather than the woman the central figure, the rape and murder are reduced to one ‘episode’ in the tramp’s life. Kay Schaffer underlines (156) that this attempt to remove the woman from the story is also to be found in the work of the critic A. A. Phillips. For many years he was the only person to have written on Baynton and his article contains the preposterous sentence that her major theme is â€Å"the image of a lonely bush hut besieged by a terrifying figure who is also a terrified figure† (150). As Schaffer rightly points out, it is difficult to understand how any reader can possibly consider that the man who is contemplating rape and murder is a â€Å"terrified figure. † 11 As was then the convention, both the rape and murder are implicit: She knew that he was offering terms if she ceased to struggle and cry for help, though louder and louder did she cry for it, but it was only when the man’s hand gripped her throat that the cry of â€Å"Murder† came from her lips. And when she ceased, the startled curlews took up the awful sound, and flew wailing â€Å"Murder! Murder! over the horseman’s head (85). 12 Stephen’s deliberate suppression of two passages, however, means the reader can infer a very different meaning to events than that intended by Baynton. The Bulletin version omits the scene in which Peter Henessey explains how he mistakenly thought the figure of the woman shouting for help was a vision of the Virgin Mary. The only possible r eading in this version is that the horseman was riding too fast and simply did not hear her calls: â€Å"She called to him in Christ’s Name, in her babe’s name †¦ But the distance grew greater and greater between them† (85). Baynton’s original version leads to a very different interpretation: ‘Mary! Mother of Christ! ’ He repeated the invocation half unconsciously, when suddenly to him, out of the stillness, came Christ’s Name – called loudly in despairing accents †¦ Gliding across a ghostly patch of pipe-clay, he saw a white-robed figure with a babe clasped to her bosom. †¦ The moonlight on the gleaming clay was a ‘heavenly light’ to him, and he knew the white figure not for flesh and blood, but for the Virgin and Child of his mother’s prayers. Then, good Catholic that once more he was, he put spurs to his horse’s sides and galloped madly away (86-7). 13 By clarifying what is going on in the horseman’s mind, Baynton is implying that patriarchal society as a whole is guilty. This interpretation is confirmed by the fact that the woman does not exist as a person in her own right in the eyes of any of the male characters. Her husband denies her sexual identity: â€Å"Needn’t flatter yerself †¦ nobody ‘ud want ter run away with yew† (82); the swagman sees her as a sexual object, Peter Henessey as a religious one. Taken individually there is nothing original in these visions of woman but their accumulation is surprising and ought to lead the reader to consider what place is left for a woman as a person. 14 Stephen’s second omission is a paragraph near the beginning of the story where the reader is told: â€Å"She was not afraid of horsemen, but swagmen† (81). This sentence is perhaps one of the best examples of the way the implicit works in Baynton’s stories. The presupposition, at the time widely accepted, is that horsemen and swagmen are different. Explicitly asserting the contrary would have been immediately challenged and Baynton never takes this risk. Only with the story’s denouement does the reader become aware that the presupposition is false, that both horsemen and swagmen are to be feared. 15 The other technique frequently used by Baynton is that of metaphor and metonymy. According to Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni: â€Å"le trope n’est qu’un cas particulier du fonctionnement de l’implicite. †¦ Tout trope est une deviance et se caracterise par un mecanisme de substitution – mais substitution de quoi a quoi, et deviance de quoi par rapport a quoi† (94;109). Readers of Bush Studies have all too often identified only the substitution, not the deviance. 16 In her detailed analysis of â€Å"The Chosen Vessel† Kay Schaffer examines the significance of the last paragraph of the story in which the swagman tries to wash the sheep’s blood from his dog’s mouth and throat. She is particularly interested in the last sentence â€Å"But the dog also was guilty† (88). Most readers have seen this as a simple, almost superfluous statement, whose only aim is to underline the parallel between man and dog: the man killed a woman, the dog a sheep. Schaffer on the other hand sees here a reference to the first paragraph: â€Å"but the woman’s husband was angry and called her – the noun was cur† (Baynton 81). She analyses the metonymic association of woman and dog and argues that the woman’s dog-like loyalty to a husband who abuses her is open to criticism since as a human being she is capable of making decisions for herself. According to Schaffer’s reading: â€Å"Her massive acceptance of the situation makes her an accomplice in her fate† (165). 17 Most readers do identify the woman’s metaphoric association with the cow as a symbol of the maternal instinct but Schaffer again goes one step further and argues that since the woman is afraid of the cow she is consequently afraid of the maternal in herself but in participating, albeit reluctantly, in control of the cow, her husband’s property, she also participates in maintaining patriarchal society and therefore: â€Å"Although never made explicit in the text, by metonymic links and metaphoric referents, the woman paradoxically is what she fears. She embodies ‘the maternal’ in the symbolic order. She belongs to the same economy which brings about her murder† (165). 18 The baby is rescued by a boundary rider, but this does not mean that motherhood emerges as a positive force in the story. Baynton’s title â€Å"The Chosen Vessel† implies that the abstract concept of the maternal can exist only at the cost of the woman by denying the mother the right to exist as a person: The Virgin Mary exists only to provide God with his Son, a wife is there to ensure the transmission of power and property from father to son. At the end of Baynton’s story even this reverenced position is denied women: â€Å"Once more the face of the Madonna and Child looked down on [Peter] †¦ ‘My Lord and my God! ’ was the exaltation ‘And hast Thou chosen me? ’ Ultimately Schaffer argues: If one reads through the contradictions, woman is not guilty at all – she is wholly absent. She takes no part in the actions of the story except to represent male desire as either Virgin or whore †¦ She has been named, captured, controlled, appropriated, violated, raped and murdered, and then reverenced through the signifying practices of the text. And these contradictory practices through which the ‘woman’ is dispersed in the text are possible by her very absence from the symbolic order except by reference to her phallic repossession by Man. (168) 19 In a similar way Baynton’s use of sheep as a metonym for women and passive suffering is often remarked upon but is seen as little more than a cliche. This view is justified by referring to â€Å"Squeaker’s Mate† where the woman is powerless to stop Squeaker selling her sheep, many of which she considers as pets, to the butcher and to â€Å"Billy Skywonkie† which ends with an apparently stereotypical image prefiguring the â€Å"meaningless sacrifice† (Krimmer and Lawson xxii) of the woman in â€Å"The Chosen Vessel†: â€Å"She noticed that the sheep lay passive, with its head back till its neck curved in a bow, and that the glitter of the knife was reflected in its eye† (Baynton 60). Hergenhan does go slightly further by arguing that this is also an example of Baynton’s denial of the redemptive power of the sacrificial animal (216) but when the collection as a whole is considered, and the different references are read in parallel, the metonym turns out to be far more ambiguous. 20 In â€Å"Scrammy ‘And† the knife is clearly not a dangerous instrument: â€Å"The only weapon that the old fellow had was the useless butcher’s knife† (41, my italics). Even more significantly in this story the reflection of the moonlight in the sheep’s eyes is sufficient to temporarily discourage Scrammy: â€Å"The way those thousand eyes reflected the rising moon was disconcerting. The whole of the night seemed pregnant with eyes† (38). Far from being â€Å"innocent† creatures the sheep are associated with convicts: â€Å"The moonlight’s undulating white scales across their shorn backs brought out the fresh tar brand 8, setting him thinking of the links of that convict gang chain long ago† (42). Nor are sheep seen to be entirely passive: â€Å"She was wiser now, though sheep are slow to learn† (44). 21 In this respect the symbolism of the ewe and the poddy lamb is particularly interesting. The old man claims that this is the third lamb that he has had to poddy. He accuses the ewe of not being â€Å"nat’ral† (34), and having a â€Å"blarsted imperdence† (30). The narrator, on the other hand, describes her as â€Å"the unashamed silent mother† (30). What is being challenged is not her motherhood but her apparent lack of maternal instinct. Once the shepherd is dead, the ewe is capable of teaching her lamb to drink suggesting that it is in fact the man who prevents the maternal from developing. This would seem to be confirmed by the repeated remark that men insist on cows and calves being penned separately. Thus apparently hackneyed images are in fact used in a deviant way so as to undermine traditional bush values. 22 In much the same way, Baynton’s cliches also deviate from expected usage. For example in â€Å"Scrammy ‘And† the old shepherd sums up his view of women as: â€Å"They can’t never do anythin’ right, an’ orlways, continerally they gets a man inter trouble (30). † By inverting the roles of men and women in the expression â€Å"getting into trouble† the text suggests that values in the Bush are radically different to elsewhere. Something which is confirmed in â€Å"Billy Skywonkie† where the narrator reflects: â€Å"She felt she had lost her mental balance. Little matters became distorted and the greater shrivelled† (55). 23 Similarly the apparently stereotypical descriptions of the landscape in fact undermine the Bulletin vision of Australia. In â€Å"Billy Skywonkie† the countryside is described as â€Å"barren shelterless plains† (47). Were the description to stop here it could be interpreted as a typical male image of the land as dangerous female but the text continues; the land is barren because of â€Å"the tireless greedy sun† (47). In the traditional dichotomy man/woman; active/passive the sun is always masculine and like the sun the men in Bush Studies are shown to be greedy. Although never explicitly stated, this seems to suggest that it is not the land itself which is hostile but the activities of men which make it so. Schaffer sees a confirmation of this (152) in the fact that it is the Konk’s nose which for the protagonist â€Å"blotted the landscape and dwarfed all perspective† (Baynton 50). In Baynton’s work women are associated with the land because both are victims of men. 24 The least understood story in the collection is undoubtedly â€Å"Bush Church†: Krimmer and Lawson talk of its â€Å"grim meaninglessness† (xxii) and Phillips complains that it is â€Å"almost without plot† (155). It is perhaps not surprising that this story should be the most complex in its use of language. Of all the stories in the collection â€Å"Bush Church† is the one which contains the most direct speech, written in an unfamiliar colloquial Australian English. These passages deliberately flout what Grice describes as the maxims of relevance and manner – they seem neither to advance the plot nor to add to the reader’s understanding of the characters. 25 Most readers are thrown by this failure to respect conversational maxims and the co-operative principal. Consequently they pay insufficient attention to individual sentences. Moreover, the sentences are structured in such a way as to make it difficult for the reader to question their ‘truth’ or even to locate their subversive nature. As Jean Jacques Weber points out, the natural tendency is to challenge what the sentence asserts rather than what it presupposes (164). This is clearly illustrated by the opening sentence: â€Å"The hospitality of the bush never extends to the loan of a good horse to an inexperienced rider† (61). Readers may object that they know of occasions when a good horse was loaned to an inexperienced rider but few realise that the assertion in fact negates the presupposition. Baynton is not talking here about the loan of a horse but is challenging one of the fundamental myths of life in the bush – that there is such a thing as bush hospitality. 26 Once again a comparison with Lawson is illuminating. Lawson’s anonymous narrator says of the Drover’s wife: â€Å"She seems contented with her lot† (6). In â€Å"Bush Church† this becomes: â€Å"But for all this Liz thought she was fairly happy† (70). Although semantically their meaning is similar, pragmatically they could not be more different. It is not the anonymous narrator but Liz who is uncertain of her feelings and feels it necessary to qualify â€Å"happy† by â€Å"fairly. † More importantly the presupposition, â€Å"but for all this,† deliberately leaves unsaid the extreme poverty and the beatings to which Liz is subject. 27 Susan Sheridan, talking of Baynton’s novel Human Toll, says: â€Å"the assumption that it is autobiographical deflects attention from the novel’s textuality as if the assertion that it was all ‘true’ and that writing was a necessary catharsis could account for its strangely wrought prose and obscure dynamics of desire† (67). The same is true of her short stories. By persisting in reading her as a â€Å"realist† writer many readers fail to notice her sophisticated use of language. Perhaps because none of the stories has a narrator to guide the reader in their interpretation or because the reader has little or no direct access to the protagonist’s thoughts, or because of the flouting of conversational maxims and the co-operative principal, sentences are taken at face value and all too often little attempt is made to decode the irony or to question what on the surface appears to be statements of fact. Hergenhan queries the success of a strategy of such extreme obliqueness: â€Å"It is difficult to understand why Baynton did not make it clearer as the ellipsis is carried so far that the clues have eluded most readers† (217), but it should be remembered that, given the circumstances in which she was trying to publish, direct criticism was never an option for Baynton. What is essential in decoding Baynton’s work is to accept that it is not about women but about the absence of women who are shown to be victims both of men in the bush and of language. How to cite The Tramp, Papers The Tramp Free Essays string(36) " stories have been well documented\." NO PLACE FOR A WOMAN The Australian author Barbara Baynton had her first short story published under the title â€Å"The Tramp† in 1896 in the Christmas edition of the Bulletin. Founded in Sydney in 1880, the Bulletin was instrumental in developing the idea of Australian nationalism. It was originally a popular commercial weekly rather than a literary magazine but in the 1890s, with the literary critic A. We will write a custom essay sample on The Tramp or any similar topic only for you Order Now G. Stephens as its editor, it was to become â€Å"something like a national literary club for a new generation of writers† (Carter 263). Stephens published work by many young Australian writers, including the short story writer Henry Lawson and the poet â€Å"Banjo† Paterson and in 1901 he celebrated Miles Franklin’s My Brilliant Career as the first Australian novel. 2 †¦ Stephens deemed her â€Å"too outspoken for an Australian audience† (Schaffer 154). She was unable to find a publisher in Sydney willing to print her stories as a collection and it was not until 1902 that six of her stories were published in London by Duckworth’s Greenback Library under the title Bush Studies. It was, on the whole, reviewed favorably. She subsequently published a novel, Human Toll, in 1907 and an expanded collection of stories in 1917. Yet, although individual stories were regularly included in anthologies of Australian literature, by the time of her death in 1929 she was better known as an antique collector and her collected stories were not reprinted until 1980. 3 Until the advent of feminist criticism in the 1980s, Baynton remained a largely forgotten figure, dismissed as a typical female writer who did not know how to control her emotions and who was unable to put her â€Å"natural talent† to good use. As late as 1983 Lucy Frost could talk of â€Å"her unusually low level of critical awareness† (65) and claim that she â€Å"relies †¦ on instinct †¦ In order to write well she needs to write honestly out of intuitive understanding. †¦ As art it makes for failure† (65). For a long time reading the implicit in Baynton’s stories consisted in identifying the autobiographical elements and attempting to piece together her true life. She notoriously claimed, even to her own children, to be the daughter not of an Irish carpenter but of a Bengal Lancer and in later life tried to conceal he hardship of her childhood and early married life. The stories were read as â€Å"true† accounts of what it was like for a poor woman to live in the bush at the end of the nineteenth century. This paper argues that far from being a natural writer whose â€Å"talent does not extend to symbolism† (Frost 64), Baynton is a sophisticated writer who uses obliquenes s simply because this was the only form of criticism open to a woman writer in Australia at this time. The apparent inability of readers to engage with the implicit in her stories stems from an unwillingness to accept her vision of life in the bush. In order to understand Baynton’s technique and why earlier readers consistently failed to interpret it correctly, it is important to replace her stories in the context of the literary world in which she was working for, as Brown and Yule state, when it comes to reading the implicit: â€Å"Discourse is interpreted in the light of past experience of similar discourse by analogy with previous similar texts† (65). In 1901, the year of federation and the height of Australian nationalistic fervor, A. G. Stephens wrote: What country can offer to writers better material than Australia? We are not yet snug in cities and hamlets, molded by routine, regimented to a pattern. Every man who roams the Australian wilderness is a potential knight of Romance; every man who grapples with the Australian desert for a livelihood might sing a Homeric chant of history, or listen, baffled and beaten, to an Aeschylean dirge of defeat. The marvels of the adventurous are our daily common-places. The drama of the conflict between Man and Destiny is played here in a scenic setting whose novelty is full of vital suggestion for the literary artist. (Ackland, 77) 5 Women are conspicuously absent in this description of Australian life as they are in the work of Henry Lawson whose stories have come to be seen as the ‘perfect’ example of nationalistic writing. In the titles of his stories women, if they exist at all, are seen as appendages of men: â€Å"The Drover’s Wife,† â€Å"The Selector’s Daughter. They are defined at best by their physical characteristics: â€Å"That Pretty Girl in the Army,† but more often than not are specifically excluded: â€Å"No Place for a Woman† or reduced to silence: â€Å"She Wouldn’t Speak. † In the texts themselves the narrators are either anonymous or male and male mate-ship is valued above marriage. In Lawson’s most well-known stories the bush is a destructive force against whi ch man must wage a constant battle. The landscape, perhaps predictably, is depicted in feminine terms either as a cruel mother who threatens to destroy her son or as a dangerous virgin who leads man into deadly temptation. Men survive by rallying together and are always ready to help a â€Å"mate† in distress. Women are left at home and are shown to be contented with their role as homemaker: â€Å"All days are much the same to her †¦ But this bush-woman is used to the loneliness of it †¦ She is glad when her husband returns, but she does not gush or make a fuss about it. She gets him something good to eat, and tidies up the children† (Lawson 6). Baynton’s stories challenge this vision of life in the bush in a number of ways: the majority of her protagonists are female; the real danger comes not from the bush but from the men who inhabit it. From the very beginning, Baynton’s stories were subject to a form of male censorship since Stephens heavily edited them in an attempt to render the implicit conventional and thereby make the stories conform to his vision of Australian life. Few manuscripts have survived but the changes made to two stories have been well document ed. You read "The Tramp" in category "Essay examples" In 1984 Elizabeth Webby published an article comparing the published version of â€Å"Squeaker’s Mate† with a typescript/manuscript held in the Mitchell Library. She noted that in the published version the structure has been tightened and some ambiguity removed by replacing many of the pronouns by nouns. More importantly, the ending has been changed and, since endings play such a crucial role in the understanding of a short story, this has important repercussions on the whole text: The new, more conventionally moralistic ending demanded a more actively brutal Squeaker and a more passive, suffering Mary. So traditional male/female characteristics were superimposed on Baynton’s original characters, characters designed to question such sexual stereotypes. As well, the main emphasis was shifted from its ostensible object Squeaker’s mate, to her attacker and defender; instead of a study of a reversal of sex, we have a tale of true or false mateship. (459) 7 Despite these changes the text’s conformity to the traditional Australian story of mate-ship which the Bulletin readers had come to expect remains superficial. The title itself is an ironic parody of Lawson’s story titles. The woman is defined by her relationship to the man but the roles are reversed. The man has become the effeminate â€Å"Squeaker,† the woman the masculine â€Å"mate. As in Lawson’s stories the male character’s words are reported in passages of direct speech and the reader has access to his thoughts while the woman’s words are reported only indirectly: â€Å"†¦ waiting for her to be up and about again. That would be soon, she told her complaining mate† (16). However, and this is an important difference w ith Lawson’s stories, in Baynton’s work the text deliberately draws attention to what is not said. For example when Squeaker leaves her without food and drink for two days: â€Å"Of them [the sheep] and the dog only she spoke when he returned† (16), or again: â€Å"No word of complaint passed her lips† (18). By the end of the story the woman has stopped speaking altogether and the reader is deliberately denied all access to her thoughts and feelings: â€Å"What the sick woman thought was not definite for she kept silent always† (20). The main character is thus marginalised both in the title and in the story itself. The story is constructed around her absence and it is precisely what is not said which draws attention to the hardships of the woman’s life. 8 A similar technique is used in â€Å"Billy Skywonkie. The protagonist, who remains unnamed throughout the story, is not even mentioned until the fourth paragraph where she is described as â€Å"the listening woman passenger† (46). She is thus from the start designated as external to the action. Although there is a lot of dialogue in direct speech in the story, the protagonist’s own words are always reported indirectly. The reader is never allowed direct access to her thoughts but must infer what is going on in her mind from expressions like â€Å"in nervous fear† (47) or â€Å"with the fascination of horror† (53). Despite the awfulness of the male characters, the decentering of the protagonist makes it possible for readers unwilling to accept Baynton’s views on life in the bush to accept the explicitly stated opinions of the male characters and to dismiss the woman as an unwelcome outsider. 9 The most significant changes to the original stories, and those about which Baynton apparently felt most strongly since she removed them from the text of Bush Studies, concern the story now known as â€Å"The Chosen Vessel. † This story, as many critics have remarked, is a version of â€Å"The Drover’s Wife† in which the â€Å"gallows-faced swagman† (Lawson 6) does not leave. Lawson’s text states repeatedly that the wife is â€Å"used to† the loneliness of her life, suggesting even that it is easier for her than for him: â€Å"They are used to being apart, or at least she is† (4). Baynton’s character, on the other hand, dislikes being alone and the story shows the extreme vulnerability of women, not at the hands of Nature, but at the hands of men. 10 Baynton originally submitted the story under the title â€Å"When the Curlew Cried† but Stephens changed this to â€Å"The Tramp. † Once again his editorial changes deflect the reader’s attention away from the female character. By implicitly making the man rather than the woman the central figure, the rape and murder are reduced to one ‘episode’ in the tramp’s life. Kay Schaffer underlines (156) that this attempt to remove the woman from the story is also to be found in the work of the critic A. A. Phillips. For many years he was the only person to have written on Baynton and his article contains the preposterous sentence that her major theme is â€Å"the image of a lonely bush hut besieged by a terrifying figure who is also a terrified figure† (150). As Schaffer rightly points out, it is difficult to understand how any reader can possibly consider that the man who is contemplating rape and murder is a â€Å"terrified figure. † 11 As was then the convention, both the rape and murder are implicit: She knew that he was offering terms if she ceased to struggle and cry for help, though louder and louder did she cry for it, but it was only when the man’s hand gripped her throat that the cry of â€Å"Murder† came from her lips. And when she ceased, the startled curlews took up the awful sound, and flew wailing â€Å"Murder! Murder! over the horseman’s head (85). 12 Stephen’s deliberate suppression of two passages, however, means the reader can infer a very different meaning to events than that intended by Baynton. The Bulletin version omits the scene in which Peter Henessey explains how he mistakenly thought the figure of the woman shouting for help was a vision of the Virgin Mary. The only possible r eading in this version is that the horseman was riding too fast and simply did not hear her calls: â€Å"She called to him in Christ’s Name, in her babe’s name †¦ But the distance grew greater and greater between them† (85). Baynton’s original version leads to a very different interpretation: ‘Mary! Mother of Christ! ’ He repeated the invocation half unconsciously, when suddenly to him, out of the stillness, came Christ’s Name – called loudly in despairing accents †¦ Gliding across a ghostly patch of pipe-clay, he saw a white-robed figure with a babe clasped to her bosom. †¦ The moonlight on the gleaming clay was a ‘heavenly light’ to him, and he knew the white figure not for flesh and blood, but for the Virgin and Child of his mother’s prayers. Then, good Catholic that once more he was, he put spurs to his horse’s sides and galloped madly away (86-7). 13 By clarifying what is going on in the horseman’s mind, Baynton is implying that patriarchal society as a whole is guilty. This interpretation is confirmed by the fact that the woman does not exist as a person in her own right in the eyes of any of the male characters. Her husband denies her sexual identity: â€Å"Needn’t flatter yerself †¦ nobody ‘ud want ter run away with yew† (82); the swagman sees her as a sexual object, Peter Henessey as a religious one. Taken individually there is nothing original in these visions of woman but their accumulation is surprising and ought to lead the reader to consider what place is left for a woman as a person. 14 Stephen’s second omission is a paragraph near the beginning of the story where the reader is told: â€Å"She was not afraid of horsemen, but swagmen† (81). This sentence is perhaps one of the best examples of the way the implicit works in Baynton’s stories. The presupposition, at the time widely accepted, is that horsemen and swagmen are different. Explicitly asserting the contrary would have been immediately challenged and Baynton never takes this risk. Only with the story’s denouement does the reader become aware that the presupposition is false, that both horsemen and swagmen are to be feared. 15 The other technique frequently used by Baynton is that of metaphor and metonymy. According to Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni: â€Å"le trope n’est qu’un cas particulier du fonctionnement de l’implicite. †¦ Tout trope est une deviance et se caracterise par un mecanisme de substitution – mais substitution de quoi a quoi, et deviance de quoi par rapport a quoi† (94;109). Readers of Bush Studies have all too often identified only the substitution, not the deviance. 16 In her detailed analysis of â€Å"The Chosen Vessel† Kay Schaffer examines the significance of the last paragraph of the story in which the swagman tries to wash the sheep’s blood from his dog’s mouth and throat. She is particularly interested in the last sentence â€Å"But the dog also was guilty† (88). Most readers have seen this as a simple, almost superfluous statement, whose only aim is to underline the parallel between man and dog: the man killed a woman, the dog a sheep. Schaffer on the other hand sees here a reference to the first paragraph: â€Å"but the woman’s husband was angry and called her – the noun was cur† (Baynton 81). She analyses the metonymic association of woman and dog and argues that the woman’s dog-like loyalty to a husband who abuses her is open to criticism since as a human being she is capable of making decisions for herself. According to Schaffer’s reading: â€Å"Her massive acceptance of the situation makes her an accomplice in her fate† (165). 17 Most readers do identify the woman’s metaphoric association with the cow as a symbol of the maternal instinct but Schaffer again goes one step further and argues that since the woman is afraid of the cow she is consequently afraid of the maternal in herself but in participating, albeit reluctantly, in control of the cow, her husband’s property, she also participates in maintaining patriarchal society and therefore: â€Å"Although never made explicit in the text, by metonymic links and metaphoric referents, the woman paradoxically is what she fears. She embodies ‘the maternal’ in the symbolic order. She belongs to the same economy which brings about her murder† (165). 18 The baby is rescued by a boundary rider, but this does not mean that motherhood emerges as a positive force in the story. Baynton’s title â€Å"The Chosen Vessel† implies that the abstract concept of the maternal can exist only at the cost of the woman by denying the mother the right to exist as a person: The Virgin Mary exists only to provide God with his Son, a wife is there to ensure the transmission of power and property from father to son. At the end of Baynton’s story even this reverenced position is denied women: â€Å"Once more the face of the Madonna and Child looked down on [Peter] †¦ ‘My Lord and my God! ’ was the exaltation ‘And hast Thou chosen me? ’ Ultimately Schaffer argues: If one reads through the contradictions, woman is not guilty at all – she is wholly absent. She takes no part in the actions of the story except to represent male desire as either Virgin or whore †¦ She has been named, captured, controlled, appropriated, violated, raped and murdered, and then reverenced through the signifying practices of the text. And these contradictory practices through which the ‘woman’ is dispersed in the text are possible by her very absence from the symbolic order except by reference to her phallic repossession by Man. (168) 19 In a similar way Baynton’s use of sheep as a metonym for women and passive suffering is often remarked upon but is seen as little more than a cliche. This view is justified by referring to â€Å"Squeaker’s Mate† where the woman is powerless to stop Squeaker selling her sheep, many of which she considers as pets, to the butcher and to â€Å"Billy Skywonkie† which ends with an apparently stereotypical image prefiguring the â€Å"meaningless sacrifice† (Krimmer and Lawson xxii) of the woman in â€Å"The Chosen Vessel†: â€Å"She noticed that the sheep lay passive, with its head back till its neck curved in a bow, and that the glitter of the knife was reflected in its eye† (Baynton 60). Hergenhan does go slightly further by arguing that this is also an example of Baynton’s denial of the redemptive power of the sacrificial animal (216) but when the collection as a whole is considered, and the different references are read in parallel, the metonym turns out to be far more ambiguous. 20 In â€Å"Scrammy ‘And† the knife is clearly not a dangerous instrument: â€Å"The only weapon that the old fellow had was the useless butcher’s knife† (41, my italics). Even more significantly in this story the reflection of the moonlight in the sheep’s eyes is sufficient to temporarily discourage Scrammy: â€Å"The way those thousand eyes reflected the rising moon was disconcerting. The whole of the night seemed pregnant with eyes† (38). Far from being â€Å"innocent† creatures the sheep are associated with convicts: â€Å"The moonlight’s undulating white scales across their shorn backs brought out the fresh tar brand 8, setting him thinking of the links of that convict gang chain long ago† (42). Nor are sheep seen to be entirely passive: â€Å"She was wiser now, though sheep are slow to learn† (44). 21 In this respect the symbolism of the ewe and the poddy lamb is particularly interesting. The old man claims that this is the third lamb that he has had to poddy. He accuses the ewe of not being â€Å"nat’ral† (34), and having a â€Å"blarsted imperdence† (30). The narrator, on the other hand, describes her as â€Å"the unashamed silent mother† (30). What is being challenged is not her motherhood but her apparent lack of maternal instinct. Once the shepherd is dead, the ewe is capable of teaching her lamb to drink suggesting that it is in fact the man who prevents the maternal from developing. This would seem to be confirmed by the repeated remark that men insist on cows and calves being penned separately. Thus apparently hackneyed images are in fact used in a deviant way so as to undermine traditional bush values. 22 In much the same way, Baynton’s cliches also deviate from expected usage. For example in â€Å"Scrammy ‘And† the old shepherd sums up his view of women as: â€Å"They can’t never do anythin’ right, an’ orlways, continerally they gets a man inter trouble (30). † By inverting the roles of men and women in the expression â€Å"getting into trouble† the text suggests that values in the Bush are radically different to elsewhere. Something which is confirmed in â€Å"Billy Skywonkie† where the narrator reflects: â€Å"She felt she had lost her mental balance. Little matters became distorted and the greater shrivelled† (55). 23 Similarly the apparently stereotypical descriptions of the landscape in fact undermine the Bulletin vision of Australia. In â€Å"Billy Skywonkie† the countryside is described as â€Å"barren shelterless plains† (47). Were the description to stop here it could be interpreted as a typical male image of the land as dangerous female but the text continues; the land is barren because of â€Å"the tireless greedy sun† (47). In the traditional dichotomy man/woman; active/passive the sun is always masculine and like the sun the men in Bush Studies are shown to be greedy. Although never explicitly stated, this seems to suggest that it is not the land itself which is hostile but the activities of men which make it so. Schaffer sees a confirmation of this (152) in the fact that it is the Konk’s nose which for the protagonist â€Å"blotted the landscape and dwarfed all perspective† (Baynton 50). In Baynton’s work women are associated with the land because both are victims of men. 24 The least understood story in the collection is undoubtedly â€Å"Bush Church†: Krimmer and Lawson talk of its â€Å"grim meaninglessness† (xxii) and Phillips complains that it is â€Å"almost without plot† (155). It is perhaps not surprising that this story should be the most complex in its use of language. Of all the stories in the collection â€Å"Bush Church† is the one which contains the most direct speech, written in an unfamiliar colloquial Australian English. These passages deliberately flout what Grice describes as the maxims of relevance and manner – they seem neither to advance the plot nor to add to the reader’s understanding of the characters. 25 Most readers are thrown by this failure to respect conversational maxims and the co-operative principal. Consequently they pay insufficient attention to individual sentences. Moreover, the sentences are structured in such a way as to make it difficult for the reader to question their ‘truth’ or even to locate their subversive nature. As Jean Jacques Weber points out, the natural tendency is to challenge what the sentence asserts rather than what it presupposes (164). This is clearly illustrated by the opening sentence: â€Å"The hospitality of the bush never extends to the loan of a good horse to an inexperienced rider† (61). Readers may object that they know of occasions when a good horse was loaned to an inexperienced rider but few realise that the assertion in fact negates the presupposition. Baynton is not talking here about the loan of a horse but is challenging one of the fundamental myths of life in the bush – that there is such a thing as bush hospitality. 26 Once again a comparison with Lawson is illuminating. Lawson’s anonymous narrator says of the Drover’s wife: â€Å"She seems contented with her lot† (6). In â€Å"Bush Church† this becomes: â€Å"But for all this Liz thought she was fairly happy† (70). Although semantically their meaning is similar, pragmatically they could not be more different. It is not the anonymous narrator but Liz who is uncertain of her feelings and feels it necessary to qualify â€Å"happy† by â€Å"fairly. † More importantly the presupposition, â€Å"but for all this,† deliberately leaves unsaid the extreme poverty and the beatings to which Liz is subject. 27 Susan Sheridan, talking of Baynton’s novel Human Toll, says: â€Å"the assumption that it is autobiographical deflects attention from the novel’s textuality as if the assertion that it was all ‘true’ and that writing was a necessary catharsis could account for its strangely wrought prose and obscure dynamics of desire† (67). The same is true of her short stories. By persisting in reading her as a â€Å"realist† writer many readers fail to notice her sophisticated use of language. Perhaps because none of the stories has a narrator to guide the reader in their interpretation or because the reader has little or no direct access to the protagonist’s thoughts, or because of the flouting of conversational maxims and the co-operative principal, sentences are taken at face value and all too often little attempt is made to decode the irony or to question what on the surface appears to be statements of fact. Hergenhan queries the success of a strategy of such extreme obliqueness: â€Å"It is difficult to understand why Baynton did not make it clearer as the ellipsis is carried so far that the clues have eluded most readers† (217), but it should be remembered that, given the circumstances in which she was trying to publish, direct criticism was never an option for Baynton. What is essential in decoding Baynton’s work is to accept that it is not about women but about the absence of women who are shown to be victims both of men in the bush and of language. 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Docu-Film Babies Essay It was the absence of dialogue scripted or otherwise that caught my attention when I first viewed the docu-film, Babies. obvious that the minimal use of words was played into the overall power of the film. It was really incredible seeing the different lifestyles and parenting methods in the various countries, yet all of the babies were still developing and reaching their milestones. ? I thought that the movie did an excellent job organized each developmental stage for each of the babies lives (we see each one learning to crawl, hand eye coordination, feeding, interacting with others, etc. While each culture brought its own uniqueness to the development stage, the actual milestone remained the same. An example would be with Ponijao from Namibia. In that culture, it was not uncommon for other mothers to breastfeed other children whereas in the other cultures shown, breastfeeding was between a mother and her child. Even though Ponijao was breastfed by other women, he was still able to recognize and attach with his mother. Another thing that was interesting was Ponijao culture did not have many resources/material items (toys, diapers etc. the children there seemed to be the happiest children featured. They did not seem to mind playing with rocks or their lack of clothes. IT seemed like their mother took the primary active role in parenting and kind of had a this is what we have, make the most of it ? This leads to my next example with Mari and Hattie. I was surprised with the amount of similarities displayed to these two girls. Prior to seeing this movie, I did not realize the parenting styles were very similar (playdates, amount of toys, parents taking the children outside of the home, and involvement of the childs extended family. Previously I had just thought that these parenting styles were only common in the US, mainly the amount of toys and the child interacting with others at such a young age. Both of these two girls were provided more than enough toys, attention, things to do outside of the home yet were shown throwing the most tantrums. Mari would be in her room becoming frustrated with her toys and then throwing an all-out fit. Neither Ponijao nor Bayar displayed this, yet both of them had significantly less items. Bayar from Mongolias development, in my opinion was the most interesting. He was being raised in a rural area that consisted of just his family (yes, they did show some of the neighbors, but seeing how remote his farm was, it was not likely that they played a major role in his development). Most of the time shown with Bayar it seemed that he was left alone or with his brother while his parents were tending to the farm. Although he was left alone, he still displayed of the characteristics of development that the other children (featured in the movie) had. I thought it was very interesting how Bayars brother showed little desire (to have) interest in his brother. Being in such a remote a remote location I would think that he would want a brother as someone to spend his time with and grow together, clearly that was not the case. I also liked how there was no major focus on the parents aside from their interactions with their child. I think this style ? helped transition between the different cultures and developmental stages. While there were many cultural and economic divisions, by keeping the documentary solely based on the parent-child interactions it really helped illustrating the developmental stages regardless of childs background/culture. Bibliography: BalmÃÆ's, Thomas, dir. Babies. Writ. Alain Chabat. Canal , 2010. Film. 02 Feb 2014.